Volume 25 Issue 11 2025

Two of the most important cryogenic fluids are liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid oxygen (LOX), which have many applications in medicine, aircraft, food preservation, and metal production. Industries used various production techniques to fulfill the massive demand for these liquids. The two most well-known of these are the Linde-Frankl (LF) and Linde double- column (LD) processes. The LD and LF procedures were replicated in an open-source and user-friendly program called DWSIM to generate LN2 and LOX, respectively, and then compared. Since the Peng-Robinson equation of state well predicts the thermodynamic behaviour of actual gases and can successfully manage the Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) computations, and it was used as a thermodynamic model in both simulations. Compared to the LF process, the LD process demonstrated higher product purity and greater efficiency thorough simulation study. The distillation columns used in the LD process were the subject of an optimization study. The results showed that the primary column had 20 stages and a reflux ratio of 1.5, while the secondary column had 45 stages and a reflux ratio of 15. This allowed for the production of extremely pure products (Liquid Nitrogen up to 99.99% and Liquid Oxygen up to 99.9%) while minimizing wastage (purge stream flow rate = 129.956 Kmol/hr).

In light of the growing concerns about the energy crisis, climate change, and resource depletion, microalgae have attracted a lot of attention as a potential biofuel feedstock. This study focussed on biodiesel synthesis using UV pretreated microalgae oil, selection of potential catalyst and optimization of process conditions to improve biodiesel quality by reducing contaminants and increasing transesterification efficiency. From three various types of catalysts, the best one (KOH) was chosen based on the quantity and quality of biodiesel. By carefully examining the impact of several reaction parameters, including temperature, catalyst wt%, oil to methanol ratio, and reaction time, an ideal biodiesel yield of 79.00% was achieved. The biodiesel that was synthesised was examined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform-infrared radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The GC-MS analysis of algae biodiesel showed that it contains saturated fatty acids, which enhance its combustion properties and resistance to oxidation, making it suitable for use in vehicles without modifying the engines too much. The biodiesel fuel's characteristics were evaluated using specific testing protocols that adhered to ASTM and EN standards. By using UV pretreatment, carefully selecting catalysts, and methodically adjusting reaction parameters, a viable approach for sustainable algae based biodiesel generation

Agile project management is a methodology that is commonly used to deliver complex projects due to its adaptiveness. It emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, continuous improvement and high quality results. Despite the wide adoption of agile methodologies, software development teams still struggle to meet requirements, partially due to practitioners’ lack of motivation to apply agile techniques in practice. The Purpose of these methods is to make Scrum techniques more engaging & useful for practitioners. Program is employed on two batches with content analysis and survey results as benchmarks. A prototype was developed as a Jira/Trello Software app and evaluated with a real-world Scrum team. The study identified several positive effects from the good quality software produced, also some issues that need to be addressed, particularly on time management and team management skills, especially communication transparency. Employment of Agile Methodology improved client interest and involvement. This can positively impact practitioners’ motivation by changing the atmosphere within the team, even if it does not contribute to the improvement of Scrum practices adoption. Agile-scrum study for astronomically immense-scale projects and ecumenically distributed software development projects to improve business change, limit customer feedback, scrum adoption and timely delivery. The research could help improve business change, limit customer feedback, scrum adoption and timely delivery.

Concrete is widely used as a construction material in modern society with the growth in urbanization and industrialization and the demand for concrete is increasing day by day. This study reviews the characteristics of Concrete incorporated with Bottom Ash as partial replacement for fine aggregates, with a main focus on the mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. This study is done on M25 grade concrete. The cubes, cylinders were casted and tested at 7, 14 and 28 days. The beams were casted and tested at 7 and 28 days. Fine aggregate is replaced with bottom ash by 10%, 20%, 30% in concrete. Raw bottom ashes, which are residues from coal thermal power plant, pose an enormous disposal problem and environmental load. The optimum result obtained from the replacement of 20% of bottom ash in concrete attained a maximum high strength than conventional concrete.

In the light of increasingly challenging business environment, construction companies are taking a closer look at their operations, searching for untapped profit-boosting opportunities and new source of competitive differentiation. Many executive are discovering various processes for effective management of refocuses used in the construction industry; this is referred as construction resource management. Therefore it is one of the most important aspects of construction project management in today’s economy because the construction industry is resource-intensive and the cost of construction resource have steadily raised over the last several decades. The aim of the study is to estimate the influence of various factors in the productivity of resource used in construction project. The main focus has been kept in identifying the various factors affecting the productivity of manpower, material and machines used in construction industries, so that a well-defined correlation between resources and their productivity can be established. This management system will help in utilizing the construction resources in efficient manner, so that the construction project can be completed in time with framed budget.

India being an agriculture country, its economy predominantly depends on agriculture yield growth and agro industry products. Any farmer is interested in knowing how much yield he is about to expect. Along with it, percentage of nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) Location is used along with the use of third-party applications like APIs for weather and temperature, type of soil, nutrient value of the soil in that region, amount of rainfall in the region, soil composition can be determined. All these attributes of data will be analyzed train the data with various suitable machine learning algorithms for creating a model. The system comes with a model to be precise and accurate in predicting crop yield and deliver the end user with proper recommendations about required fertilizer ratio based on atmospheric and soil parameters of the land which enhance to increase the crop yield and increase farmer revenue. Keeping accurate data is an important aspect of agricultural risk management. Propose to use machine-learning techniques to develop a prediction model for crop yield production.

This paper examines the possibility of obtaining the strength of the concrete by the microbiologically induced special growth or filler. Here an attempt was made by using the bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. Concrete cylinders and prisms were cast with and without addition of bacteria were cast and its split tensile strength and flexural strength were examined. There was an increase in split tensile strength and flexural strength with addition of bacteria. From Scanning Electron Micrography analysis, it is noted that pores were partially filled up by material growth with the addition of the bacteria.

PsychoNeurobics is an emerging field of study wherein different aspects of physical and mental health is looked into. In this paper, we are looking to theorize the effect of it on eye health, mental health etc. in the subsequent paper, the author will present the experimental statistics around the said theory.

Tribal people believe in superstitions. This paper focuses on superstitious elements in the fictional works of Mamang Dai. Superstitious belief forms a major part of the Adi culture. The researcher has applied cultural studies theory in the following paper. The study of superstition is based on the semiotic study. Correlating sign with the ritual attached. Adi people have a profound faith in natural healing techniques. They share a close relationship with the environment. In fictional works of Mamang Dai, Adi people are often shown practicing traditional healing practices and belief which involve superstition. As the author says in ‘The Legends of Pensam’, “the Adis practice an animistic faith that is woven around forest ecology and co-existence with the natural world.” Superstition and their faith in natural healing are a major part of the Northeastern culture.

Some examinations have reputedly opened doorways to the inclusion of cell phones inside the horticulture sector and in addition a provincial turn of activities. As an example, a record with the aid of Vodafone and Accenture determined that mobile phones for food and horticulture provide powerful answers to producers in accomplishing economic governance, obtaining agricultural information, developing information of records for manufacturing community effectiveness, and in business sectors.

The number of leaves in a tree is one of the visual key traits describing the development and growth of the plant. A main challenge is to analyze and model the circuitry that links the different levels of whole-plant organization in response to environmental factors: phenology, leaf, soil characteristics, climate and so on. One such challenge is studied in this paper through statistical model. A primary data is collected from two coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The information related to number of fronds and leaves are recorded. Statistical analyses based on the number of fronds and length of leaves in coconut trees in Cuddalore and Chengalpattu districts are performed. As Cuddalore and Chengalpattu are coastal districts the influence of other factors such as soil characteristic and temperature are also discussed. This Bio -Statistical analysis aims to shed light on the intricate relationship between environmental factors and the number of fronds in the growth of coconut trees. By combining field data with robust statistical methodologies, we hope to contribute valuable insights that can guide sustainable agricultural practices and support the long-term well-being of coconut ecosystems worldwide.

This paper aims to provide in-depth syntactic and semantic analyses of overlapping reference in English and Korean. A point to note is that the existence of overlapping reference is attributed to the fact that pronouns can function as free pronouns, referring to someone else (or people) or coreferential pronouns, referring to the same entity. A further point to note is that only singular QPs permit overlapping reference, but not with plural QPs. A major point of this paper is that the conjunct such as A wa B ‘A and B’ in Korean never yields overlapping reference since it is semantically plural. On the other hand, A to B to ‘not only A but also B’ in Korean and A ppwunman anila B to ‘not only A but also B’ in Korean easily yield overlapping reference. It is worth observing that the Korean reflexive caki-casin-tul ‘self-self-pl’ produces overlapping reference unlike English plural reflexive themselves, but it is interpreted as bound to local antecedents as well as non-local antecedents. On the other hand, the Korean reflexive caki-tul ‘self-pl’ is interpreted as bound to only non-local antecedents. It must be stressed, on the other hand, that English reflexives have no reference. So they must always look for their linguistic antecedent for full interpretation, but they do not require someone else (or people) in discourse. It is worth noting that the Korean suffix tul ‘plurality’ bears someone else (or people), which makes overlapping reference available in Korean. It is significant to note that the plural morpheme tul ‘plurality’ makes NPs plural and triggers a bound variable reading, a group reading, overlapping reference, and a free reading. Finally, it is worthwhile observing that overlapping reference of caki-casin-tul ‘self-self’ is licensed by the SEM after the first Transfer or the second Transfer. On the other hand, that of caki-tul ‘self-pl’ is licensed by the SEM after the second Transfer. Exactly the same can be said of the plural pronoun ku-tul ‘he-pl’. It shares the same property with caki-tul ‘self-pl’. Put differently, overlapping reference of Korean pronominals and reflexives is licensed by Transfer and semantic computations within Chomsky (2019a/b).

With the increased adoption of cloud technology, securing sensitive data against cyberattacks through multi-layer encryption has become essential. In this multi-layer encryption, the first layer plays a crucial role because it balances both security and performance, and the second layer provides additional protection to safeguard data even if the first layer is compromised. This paper presents an Analysis of various symmetric encryption algorithms like AES-256, RC6, Blowfish, DES, and Chacha20 and a performance evaluation of these symmetric encryption algorithms is conducted based on the parameters of performance metrics and security strength. It explores secure session key exchange using asymmetric encryption algorithms and authenticating public keys within the framework of the public key infrastructure (PKI). This paper suggests that AES-256 is the optimal choice for the first layer of encryption, while RSA is employed for secure key exchange due to its support for both encryption and digital signatures. To validate these findings, real-world testing has been conducted with various sizes of financial datasets to determine the best symmetric encryption algorithm.

Geoclimatic factor is a crucial local radio propagation metric that must be considered to achieve efficient wireless link design, particularly during the worst weather condition. This study investigated the seasonal and interannual behaviour of surface refractivity gradients and the geoclimatic factor K for terrestrial microwave link design over Port Elizabeth, South Africa, using ERA5 reanalysis data from 2016–2024. The analysis applied ITU-R P.453-14 and P.530-19 formulations to derive hourly gradients and the corresponding K values based on the 1% exceedance criterion. Results show that the overall annual mean geoclimatic factor is approximately 9.86 × 10−5. Seasonally, summer exhibits the highest mean value of 10.22 × 10−5 due to enhanced moisture availability and stronger vertical refractivity stratification. Autumn (9.82 × 10−5 and spring (9.71 × 10−5) show moderate gradients, reflecting transitional atmospheric stability. Winter records the lowest mean of about 9.34 × 10−5, consistent with reduced humidity and more stable boundary-layer conditions. The annual trend indicates significant interannual variability, with a notable minimum in 2021 attributable to anomalous synoptic-scale circulation and post-La Niña moisture suppression, which weakened vertical refractivity gradients. These findings highlight the sensitivity of K to regional climatic fluctuations and emphasize the need for location-specific values rather than relying solely on global ITU-R statistics. The results provide refined K estimates for improved path-clearance, ductingavoidance strategies, and fade-margin planning, offering practical guidance for resilient communication system design under varying atmospheric conditions in Port Elizabeth and its environs.